Methods and systems to dynamically manage performance states in a data processing system

ABSTRACT

Data processing systems which operate in different modes, including a mode which supports providing an output of images through a port on the systems. In one embodiment, a data processing system includes a processing system, a cellular telephone transceiver, and a port which is configured to provide, as an output from the handheld data processing system, data representing movie video images. Methods and machine readable media are also described.

This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/772,691, filed on May 3, 2010 which is a divisional of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/849,017, filed on Aug. 31, 2007, whichissued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,711,864 on May 4, 2010.

COPYRIGHT NOTICES

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever. Copyright® 2007, Apple Inc., All Rights Reserved.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention relate to data processing systems, and moreparticularly, to managing performance states of the data processingsystems.

BACKGROUND

Power management on a data processing system often involves techniquesfor reducing the consumption of power by components in the dataprocessing system. The data processing system may be a laptop orotherwise portable computer, such as a handheld general purpose computeror a cellular telephone. The management of power consumption in aportable device which is powered by a battery is particularly importantbecause better power management usually results in the ability to usethe portable device for a longer period of time when it is powered byone or more batteries.

Conventional systems typically utilize timers to indicate when asubsystem should be turned off after a period of inactivity. Forexample, the motors in a hard drive storage system are typically turnedoff after a predetermined period of inactivity of the hard drive system.Similarly, the backlight or other light source of a display system maybe turned off in response to user inactivity which exceeds apredetermined period of time. In both cases, the power managementtechnique is based on the use of a timer which determines when theperiod of inactivity exceeds a selected duration.

In other power managing techniques, the data processing system may beswitched between different operating points. An operating point mayrepresent a particular operating voltage and frequency pair. Forexample, one operating point consumes less power by having the dataprocessing system operate at a lower voltage and also at a loweroperating frequency relative to another operating point. In the case ofanother operating point, the data processing system operates at a highervoltage and a higher operating frequency.

Certain systems provide the capability to switch power completely off(e.g. set the operating voltage at V=0) if no use is being made of aparticular subsystem. For example, certain systems on a chip (SOCs)provide a power saving feature which allows for particular subsystems tobe turned off completely if they are not being used.

Existing power management techniques typically manage the power based onthe theoretical assumptions. The existing power management techniquestypically do not take into account the actual states of the systemcomponents. Such techniques lack accuracy, reliability, and are unableto efficiently manage the power of the digital processing system.

Some existing power management techniques may manage power of acomponent using the local information. These techniques typically havecontrol of power only over a single component and do not have control ofpower over the other components in the system. In such techniques, forexample, the power of a central processing unit (“CPU”) may becontrolled based on the local load of this CPU, while the power of othercomponents of the system, e.g., a graphics processor, remainsuncontrolled.

Other existing power management techniques may manage total powersupplied to the system based on the total load of the system.

SUMMARY OF THE DESCRIPTION

In an embodiment described herein, a handheld data processing systemincludes a processing system and a port which is coupled to theprocessing system and a cellular telephone transceiver coupled to theprocessing system. The port and the processing system are configured toprovide, as an output from the handheld data processing system, datarepresenting movie video images in at least one mode of operating thehandheld data processing system. The handheld data processing system mayinclude a battery coupled to the processing system, and the port may becoupled to the battery and may be configured to allow recharging of thebattery when the system is coupled to a power source. The handheld dataprocessing system may also include a display coupled to the processingsystem and integrated into a housing of the handheld data processingsystem and may also include an input device coupled to the processingsystem; further, the movie video images may be provided in a sequence ofimages of at least 15 frames per second to an external display throughthe port. The handheld data processing system may, in certainembodiments, occupy a volume of less than about 6 inches by 4 inches by1 inch. In one embodiment, the data representing movie video images aretransmitted through the port to allow playback on the external displayin response to determining that a system controlling the externaldisplay is configured to not copy, in a permanent storage, the contentof the movie video images; in another embodiment, the data representingthe movie video images are transmitted through the port to allowplayback on the external display in response to determining that thesystem controlling the external display is authorized, under a digitalrights management system, to retain a copy of the data representingmovie video images.

In another embodiment described herein, a data processing systemincludes an input/output (I/O) port configured to provide datarepresenting video images (such as still pictures or a movie) to adisplay device in a first mode and a processing system coupled to theI/O port. In the first mode, the data processing system operates a firstcomponent at a first frequency, and the processing system is configuredto execute at least a first device driver which is configured to controlthe first component and is configured to execute a second device driverwhich is configured to control a second component that provides the datarepresenting the video images. The second device driver may cause afirst notification to be provided to the first device driver when thedata processing system transitions to the first mode from another modesuch as a second mode. The I/O port may be configured to provide acommunications channel for synchronizing data between the dataprocessing system and a host system, and the synchronizing may becapable of being performed in the second mode in which the dataprocessing system operates the first component at a second frequencywhich is less than the first frequency. The second device driver may beconfigured to cause a change from a set of the second frequency and asecond voltage to a set of the first frequency and a first voltage andvice versa. In one embodiment, the I/O port may be used to connect thesystem to a dock which is connected to a host system, and the I/O portmay be configured to recharge the battery in the data processing systemwhile in the first mode, and the images may be provided in a sequence asa motion picture or movie at a rate of at least 15 frames per second andas high as 30 or 60 frames per second. In one embodiment, at least onecomponent in the data processing system is operated at a frequencyhigher than its specified normal operating frequency range or isoperated at a voltage which is higher than a normal voltage. In oneembodiment, different components in the data processing system areoperated at different operating frequencies in the first mode asspecified by a first set of frequencies and the different components areoperated at different operating frequencies in the second mode asspecified by a second set of frequencies. In one embodiment, the datarepresenting video images are transmitted through the I/O port to allowplayback on an external display in response to determining that a systemcontrolling the external display is configured to not copy, in apermanent storage, the content of the video images; in anotherembodiment, the data representing video images are transmitted throughthe I/O port to allow playback on the external display in response todetermining that a system controlling the external display isauthorized, under a digital rights management system, to retain a copyof the data representing video images. In one embodiment, the dataprocessing system includes a storage device which is configured to storemusic, movies, calendar information, contact information and emails, andthe data processing system is configured with software to allow a userto view and manipulate the music, movies, calendar information, contactinformation and emails.

In another embodiment described herein, a method of operating a dataprocessing system includes operating the data processing system in afirst mode with a plurality of components in the system operating atdifferent frequencies as specified by a first set of frequencies,wherein a minimum operating state of a most performance-needy componentin the first mode determines the frequencies in the first set, andreceiving a signal indicating a transition to a second mode andtransitioning from the first mode to the second mode in which theplurality of components operate at different frequencies as specified bya second set of frequencies, wherein one of the components in the secondmode provides an output of data representing video images through anoutput port of the system. The video images may be a sequence of videoimages, such as a still image or a motion picture or movie (with orwithout sound), which are transmitted through the port at apredetermined rate such as 10 or 15 or 30 or 60 frames per second. Themethod may further include providing at least one notification of thetransitioning to a first software device driver of at least one of thecomponents, and the at least one notification may occur before thetransitioning. In one embodiment, the data representing video images aretransmitted through the output port to allow playback on an externaldisplay in response to determining that a system (e.g. a host system)controlling the external display is configured to not copy, in apermanent storage, the content of the video images; in anotherembodiment, the data representing the video images are transmittedthrough the port to allow playback on an external display in response todetermining that a system controlling the external display isauthorized, under a digital rights management system, to retain a copyof the data representing the video images.

In another embodiment described herein, a method of operating a dataprocessing system includes receiving a signal indicating a transition toa first mode from a second mode and providing, in response to thesignal, a notification, caused by a first software driver for a firstcomponent, to at least a second software driver for a second componentto cause the second software driver to configure the second component tooperate in the first mode. The first mode is configured to operate atleast one component of the data processing system beyond a specifiednormal operating parameter, and the second mode is configured to operateall of the components of the data processing system within specifiednormal operating parameters, such as the normal operating parametersspecified by a designer and/or manufacturer of a component. In oneembodiment, the first mode includes providing a sequence of video imagesthrough a port at a predetermined rate to show a motion picture movie(with or without sound) on an external display. In one embodiment, themethod includes using a DPSM unit to manage operating states fordifferent components in different modes.

Embodiments of methods and apparatuses to dynamically manage aperformance state of a data processing system are described. The dataprocessing system, in certain embodiments, includes a plurality ofcomponents. A current system performance state, which may apply to eachof the components in certain embodiments, is determined based on aplurality of current states of components of the system and a pluralityof required system performance states for the components. The pluralityof current states may include on/off states of the components of thesystem. The plurality of required system performance states for thecomponents may be determined using performance constraints of thecomponents and a set of performance states that the data processingsystem supports, including a state that supports providing, as an outputfrom the system, video images at a frame rate of at least 15 frames persecond.

In one embodiment, a performance level of at least one component isadjusted based on the current system performance state. The currentsystem performance state (e.g., a system bus speed and/or otherparameters) may apply to each of the components. Adjusting theperformance level of the at least one component may include changing afrequency, a bandwidth, a voltage, or any combination thereof. At leastone component driver may be notified about a change in the systemperformance state before adjusting of the performance level, afteradjusting of the performance level, or both. In one embodiment, actualperformances for the components are determined based on current statesof the components of the system and the required system performancestates for the components. In one embodiment, the current systemperformance state is determined using the actual performances for thecomponents. In one embodiment, the system performance state isdetermined relative to a maximum system performance state.

In one embodiment, the data processing system includes one or more busescoupled to the plurality of components, and a dynamic performance statemanager (“DPSM”) unit coupled to the one or more components. The DPSMunit may be configured to receive information about current states ofeach of components of the system or a portion of the system. The DPSMunit may be configured to determine required system performance statesfor the components. The DPSM unit may be further configured to determinea current system performance state, which may be a state for multiplecomponents (or even globally for all components), based on the currentstates of components of the system and the required system performancestates for the components. The current system performance state mayinclude a system wide parameter, such as a speed (in MHz, for example)of a system wide bus, set for all (or a portion of) the components inthe system; in this embodiment, a global parameter is derived from aglobal decision which may be based on local information (e.g., localinformation from each subsystem about the processing state or processingrequirements/needs for the subsystem). The dynamic performance statemanager unit may be further configured to adjust a performance level ofat least one component based on the current system performance state.The data processing system may include one or more device driverscoupled to the one or more buses. In one embodiment, the DPSM unit isconfigured to notify at least one device driver about a change in theperformance state of the system.

Other features of the present invention will be apparent from theaccompanying drawings and from the detailed description which follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example and notlimitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which likereferences indicate similar elements.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a data processing system that may be usedaccording to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows another example of a system which may be used according toanother embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a block-diagram of one embodiment of a dynamic performancestate manager to dynamically manage a performance state of a dataprocessing system.

FIG. 4 shows a data structure that is generated by a performancecalculator according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 shows a block-diagram of one embodiment of a clock controller todynamically control clock of the components of a data processing system.

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method to dynamicallymanage a performance state of a data processing system.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of another embodiment of a method todynamically manage a performance state of a data processing system.

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of another embodiment of a method todynamically manage a performance state of a data processing system.

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of another embodiment of a method of operatinga data processing system.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart which shows another method of operating a dataprocessing system.

FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C show examples of embodiments which provide avideo image output from a data processing system, such as a handhelddata processing system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

At least certain embodiments relate to methods and systems which providean output of images in a mode or state of the systems. These embodimentsare described further below.

Various embodiments and aspects of the inventions will be described withreference to details discussed below, and the accompanying drawings willillustrate the various embodiments. The following description anddrawings are illustrative of the invention and are not to be construedas limiting the invention. Numerous specific details are described toprovide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the presentinvention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, thatembodiments of the present invention may be practiced without thesespecific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devicesare shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order toavoid obscuring embodiments of the present invention.

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic describedin connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodimentof the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” invarious places in the specification do not necessarily refer to the sameembodiment.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, it is appreciated that throughoutthe description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or“computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or thelike, refer to the action and processes of a data processing system, orsimilar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transformsdata represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computersystem's registers and memories into other data similarly represented asphysical quantities within the computer system memories or registers orother such information storage, transmission or display devices.

Embodiments of the present invention can relate to an apparatus forperforming one or more of the operations described herein. Thisapparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or itmay comprise a general purpose computer selectively activated orreconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such acomputer program may be stored in a machine (e.g. computer) readablestorage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk,including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-opticaldisks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs),erasable programmable ROMs (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmableROMs (EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitablefor storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a bus.

A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing ortransmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., acomputer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes read onlymemory (“ROM”); random access memory (“RAM”); magnetic disk storagemedia; optical storage media; flash memory devices; electrical, optical,acoustical or other form of media.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently relatedto any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purposesystems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachingsherein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specializedapparatus to perform the required machine-implemented method operations.The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear fromthe description below. In addition, embodiments of the present inventionare not described with reference to any particular programming language.It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may beused to implement the teachings of embodiments of the invention asdescribed herein.

At least certain embodiments of the inventions may be part of a digitalmedia player, such as a portable music and/or video media player, whichmay include a media processing system to present the media, a storagedevice to store the media and may further include a radio frequency (RF)transceiver (e.g., an RF transceiver for a cellular telephone) coupledwith an antenna system and the media processing system. In certainembodiments, media stored on a remote storage device may be transmittedto the media player through the RF transceiver. The media may be, forexample, one or more of music or other audio, still pictures, or motionpictures.

The portable media player may include a media selection device, such asa click wheel input device on an iPod® or iPod Nano® media player fromApple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., a touch screen input device, pushbuttondevice, movable pointing input device or other input device. The mediaselection device may be used to select the media stored on the storagedevice and/or the remote storage device. The portable media player may,in at least certain embodiments, include a display device which iscoupled to the media processing system to display titles or otherindicators of media being selected through the input device and beingpresented, either through a speaker or earphone(s), or on the displaydevice, or on both display device and a speaker or earphone(s).

Embodiments of the inventions described herein may be part of othertypes of data processing systems, such as, for example, entertainmentsystems or personal digital assistants (PDAs), or general purposecomputer systems, or special purpose computer systems, or an embeddeddevice within another device, or cellular telephones which do notinclude media players, or devices which combine aspects or functions ofthese devices (e.g., a media player, such as an iPod®, combined with aPDA, an entertainment system, and a cellular telephone in one portabledevice), or devices or consumer electronic products which include amulti-touch input device such as a multi-touch handheld device or a cellphone and handheld computer with a multi-touch input device. Examples ofhandheld devices or cellular telephones with data processingcapabilities (e.g. a handheld computer) are described in U.S.application Ser. No. 11/586,862, filed on Oct. 24, 2006, whichapplication is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a data processing system that may be used inat least one embodiment of the present invention. Data processing system100 shown in FIG. 1 includes a memory 105 and a system 103 which may beimplemented in at least one embodiment as a system on a chip, which is amonolithic semiconductor substrate which forms an integrated circuitthat provides all the components for the system on a single chip. In analternative embodiment, the various components may be spread overmultiple integrated circuits. System 103 includes a microprocessor 107which is coupled to memory 105 through a bus 113 and a memory controller111. Memory controller 111 may be multiple memory controllers forcontrolling different types of memory 105, such as dynamic random accessmemory (DRAM) (e.g. double-data-rate (DDR) RAM), and flash memory and/orother types or combinations of memory such as a magnetic hard drive,etc. Memory controller 111 is coupled to a graphics processing unit(GPU) 109 which allows GPU 109 to obtain graphics data or store graphicsdata in memory 105 and to retrieve graphics instructions, for processingby the GPU, from memory 105. It will be understood that GPU 109 iscoupled to a display controller (not shown), which in turn is coupled toa display (not shown), such as a color liquid crystal display (CLCD), todrive the display to cause images to appear on the display.

Microprocessor 107, memory controller 111, memory 105, and GPU 109 arecoupled to other components of system 103 through peripheral buses 117and 121 and bus bridges 115 and 119, as shown in FIG. 1. Bus bridge 115couples bus 113 to a peripheral bus 117, and a bus bridge 119 couplesperipheral bus 117 to peripheral bus 121. Microprocessor 107 and GPU 109are coupled to peripheral buses 117 and 121 through these bus bridges.GPU 109 is also coupled to peripheral bus 117 through a control port forgraphics 133, and microprocessor 107 is also coupled to peripheral bus117 through a peripheral port 131 of microprocessor 107. One or moreinput/output (I/O) devices may be part of system 100. These I/O devicesmay be one or more of a plurality of known I/O devices including trackpads, touch pads, multi-touch input panels, an audio speaker and anaudio microphone, a camera, a dock port, one or more wireless interfacecontrollers, a cursor control device such as a mouse or a joystick or atrackball, one or more keyboards, one or more network interface adapters(e.g. an Ethernet interface port), etc. A dock port or other port may beused to couple the system 100 to an external display, either directly orthrough another system such as a host system; the dock port or otherport may provide the ability to recharge a battery in the system 100 andmay provide the ability to exchange information (e.g. synchronizecontact and calendar information) with another system, such as a hostsystem. The dock port or other port may transmit a sequence of videoimages, such as a motion picture or movie (with or without sound)through the port to the external display and this transmission may be ata sufficient rate to permit the playback of a movie, such as a rate ofat least 15 or 30 or 60 frames per second. The port may provide the datain a compressed format and/or an encrypted format or a format protectedby a digital rights management (DRM) system or may provide the data in aformat adapted to be directly displayed on a TV such as an NTSC or PALor similar such formats. If system 103 is implemented as a system on achip, then the I/O devices 127 and 129 would typically be a separatecomponent which is not disposed on the integrated circuit. Each of theI/O devices 127 and 129 are coupled through I/O controllers, such as theI/O controllers 123 and the I/O controllers 125 as shown in FIG. 1.

In addition to the I/O devices previously listed, system 103 may includeother subsystems (not shown) which may be considered an I/O device, suchas an audio codec, a video decoder or a digital signal processor, forexample, a video decoder and a digital signal processor (DSP). Anembodiment of system 100 shown in FIG. 1 may include a power controller(not shown) and a power management unit (not shown) in order to providepower gating to the various components in the system 103, as describedin co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/620,703, filed Jan. 7,2007, which is entitled “Methods And Systems For Power Management In AData Processing System” and which is owned by the assignee of theinstant inventions. This application is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety. In one embodiment, the power gating in system 103 canuse a clock enable/disable signal for a component to indicate amount ofwork to be done.

In one embodiment, system 100 uses a single system clock (not shown) todrive microprocessor 107, GPU 109, memory controllers 111, memory 105,buses 113, 117, and 121, and through peripheral buses 117 and 121, I/Ocontrollers 123 and 125, and I/O devices 127 and 129. Frequency of thesystem clock, and/or system voltage can determine how much power is usedby system 100. The frequency of the system clock and/or system voltagecan effectively control how much performance can be obtained from eachof the components of the system. If the component operates at fasterclock frequency, and/or higher voltage, the component may dissipate morepower.

FIG. 2 shows another example of a system which may be used with one ormore of the inventions described herein. A data processing system 201may implement a system 203 as a system on a chip (SOC) integratedcircuit or may implement system 203 as multiple integrated circuitscoupled by one or more buses. Data processing system 201 includes aplurality of components in system 203 and components which are shownexternal to system 203 but which are coupled to system 203 as shown inFIG. 2. Such components include a dynamic random access memory (DRAM)207, a flash memory 209, both of which are coupled to memory controllers227, a dock port 221 which is coupled to an universal asynchronousreceiver/transmitter (UART) controller 247, a wireless (e.g., RF)transceivers 219 which are coupled to wireless interface controllers241, a power management unit 217 coupled to an IIC port 239, a camera215 which is coupled to a camera interface controller 237, an audiodigital-to-analog converter (DAC) 213 which is coupled to an IIS port235, a multi-touch input panel 211 which is coupled to a multi-touchinput panel controller 231, and a display device 205 which may be aliquid crystal display device, which is coupled to a display controller229. These various components provide input and output capabilities forthe data processing system as is known in the art. The dock port 221, oranother port, may be similar to the dock port of system 100 describedabove. For example, the dock port 221, or another port, may be used toprovide images to an external display which is separate from the display205, and these images may be a sequence, at a sufficient frame rate, ofvideo images to present a motion picture or movie on the externaldisplay; the dock port may also provide for the ability to recharge oneor more batteries in the system 201 and may also provide acommunications channel, such as a fully bidirectional I/O port, whichallows the exchange of data between the system 201 and another systemsuch as a host system. This exchange of data may include synchronizingof contact/address information or calendar information or emails ormusic or movies or other information (or a combination of suchinformation or data) between the system 201 and the another system. Itwill be appreciated that a “port,” such as dock port 221, may includesets of wires for different purposes (e.g. one set to recharge a batteryand provide power and optionally another set to provide a TV videooutput and another set to provide a bidirectional I/O port) but that thesets share a common mechanical connection on the system 201 or share thesame physical area on a housing of the system 201. In other embodiments,a separate port, dedicated to providing a TV video output may exist on ahousing of a system similar to system 201.

In addition, system 203 includes components, such as a graphicsprocessing unit (GPU) 225 and a microprocessor 223 which may be, incertain embodiments, an ARM microprocessor. In addition, system 201 mayinclude a digital signal processor 245 and an interrupt controller 243.These various components are coupled together by one or more buses andbus bridges (“bus matrix”) 233 which may be implemented in a variety ofarchitectures, such as the bus architecture shown in FIG. 1 oralternative bus architectures. Power management unit 217 may dynamicallymanage a performance state of data processing system 201, as describedin further detail below. Power management unit 217, in conjunction withmicroprocessor 223, may implement other power management techniques,such as operating at different voltage and frequency operating points asdescribed in above-referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/620,703. In one embodiment, power management unit 217 is configuredto control bus matrix 233 to operate at as low frequency as possiblewithout affecting the performance of the other components of the system,as described in further detail below. In one embodiment, powermanagement unit 217 includes a dynamic performance state manager unit(not shown) that is described in further detail below.

In one embodiment, system 200 uses a single system clock (not shown) todrive components of the system, e.g., microprocessor 223, GPU 225,memory controllers 227, memories 207 and 209, bus matrix 233, and othercomponents of the system. Frequency of the system clock and/or systemvoltage can determine how much power is used by system 200. In oneembodiment, for system 200 to operate properly, bus matrix 233 is alwaysturned “ON”. In one embodiment, power management unit 217 controls thecomponents of the system, such that each of the components of the system200 could operate at as low performance level as possible for thecurrent system performance state, as described in further detail below.As a result, the power of the system 200 is saved without sacrificingthe performance level of the other components in the system 200.

While power management unit 217 is shown external to system 203, it maybe part of a system on a chip implementation in certain embodiments. Atleast some of the other components, such as wireless transceivers 219,may also be implemented in certain embodiments as part of a system on achip. Wireless transceivers 219 may include infrared transceivers aswell as radio frequency (RF) transceivers and may include one or more ofsuch transceivers, such as a wireless cellular telephone transceiver, aWiFi compliant transceiver, a WiMax compliant transceiver, a Bluetoothcompliant transceiver, and other types of wireless transceivers. In oneparticular embodiment, wireless transceivers 219 may include a wirelesscellular telephone transceiver, a WiFi compliant transceiver (IEEE802.11 A/G transceiver), and a Bluetooth transceiver. Each of thesewireless transceivers may be coupled to a respective wireless interfacecontroller which may be one or more of a plurality of interfacecontrollers, such as a UART controller or an IIS controller or an SDIOcontroller, etc. Data processing system 201 may include furtherinput/output devices, such as a keypad, or a keyboard, or a cursorcontrol device, or additional output devices, etc.

It will be understood that the data processing system of FIG. 2 may beimplemented in a variety of different form factors or enclosures whichpackage and embody the data processing system. For example, the dataprocessing system 201 may be implemented as a desktop computer, a laptopcomputer, or an embedded system, consumer product or a handheld computeror other handheld device. It may be implemented to operate off of ACpower or a combination of AC power and battery power or merely batterypower in at least certain modes. The data processing system may includea cellular telephone and may have the form factor of a cellulartelephone, such as a candy-bar style cellular telephone or a flip phoneor a phone with a sliding keyboard which slides out (e.g., from anenclosure) or swings out (e.g., from an enclosure) to expose the keys ofthe keyboard.

In certain embodiments, data processing system 201 may be implemented ina tablet format of a small handheld computer, such as the iPhone fromApple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., which includes wireless cellulartelephony and WiFi and Bluetooth wireless capability.

FIG. 3 shows a block-diagram of one embodiment of a dynamic performancestate manager (DPSM) 300 to dynamically manage a performance state of adata processing system, e.g., data processing systems 100 and 200, asdepicted in FIGS. 1 and 2. The DPSM 300 is configured to save power ofthe data processing system while ensuring that the components of thesystem operate at the best performance level for a current task. In oneembodiment, DPSM 300 may complement the power gating as described inabove-mentioned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/620,703.In one embodiment, a state manager, such as the DPSM 300, is configuredto allow a mode in which video images are provided as an output from adata processing system, such as systems 100 or 200, and the mode mayinclude operating at least one component in the system beyond aspecified normal operating range (e.g. the upper frequency limit of acomponent is exceeded by a certain amount). For example, this mode maybe the first mode shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, and the video images may be asequence of data representing video images transmitted through an outputport (e.g. dock port 221) at a sufficient rate such that they can bepresented as a movie at a frame rate of at least 10 to 15 frames persecond and preferably at a higher frame rate. The state manager in thiscase configures the components at sufficient operating parameters (e.g.in frequency and operating voltages) to permit this output. Furtherdescription of this mode is provided in connection with FIGS. 9, 10 and11A-11C.

DPSM 300 may use, in one embodiment, current local information from eachcomponent of the system to make a global decision for all componentsthat are controlled by the system clock rate. As shown in FIG. 3, DPSM300 includes a performance calculator 301 that is configured to receiveinformation about a plurality of current states of components of thesystem. As shown in FIG. 3, performance calculator 301 has inputs, e.g.,inputs 302-306, to receive information about current states of thecomponents of the system. In one embodiment, the information about thecurrent states of the components includes information about currentactivity of the components (e.g., devices) of the system. Thisinformation may be supplied by device drivers (e.g. software) for eachcomponent. In one embodiment, the current states of components are “ON”or “OFF” states of the components (or some other measure of activitysuch as a value between “ON” or “OFF”, such as 50% utilization ofcapacity, etc.). In one embodiment, DPSM unit 300 is configured toreceive a current “ON”/“OFF” state of all important devices in thesystem, for example, CPU, GPU, audio codec, display, video codec, andother devices of the system.

As shown in FIG. 3, inputs of performance calculator 301 receivenotifications from components of the system about a current state of thecomponent. In one embodiment, bits “1” or “0” may indicate “ON” or “OFF”state of the component. Input 302 may receive a signal (e.g., bit “0”)that indicates that a CPU is currently turned “OFF”, input 303 mayreceive a signal (e.g., bit “1”) that indicates that a GPU is currentlyturned “ON”, input 304 may receive a signal (e.g., bit “0”) thatindicates that an audio codec, e.g., an adaptive modulation and coding(AMC) audio codec device, is currently turned “OFF”; input 305 mayreceive a signal from a display controller that indicates that adisplay, e.g., a color liquid crystal display (CLCD), is currentlyturned “ON”, and input 306 may receive a signal that indicates that anH264 video decoder is currently turned “OFF”, and so on.

In another embodiment, the current states of components are valuesindicating, for example, a frequency, a power, a voltage, and anycombination thereof that represent the current state of a component.

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method to dynamicallymanage a performance state of a data processing system. As shown in FIG.6, method 600 begins with operation 601 that involves receivinginformation about a first plurality of current states of components ofthe system, as described above with respect to FIG. 3. Method 600continues with determining a second plurality of required systemperformance states for the components to operate correctly at operation602, as shown in FIG. 6. In one embodiment, a required systemperformance state for a component of the system to operate correctly isa minimum system performance level (state) that is needed for acomponent to operate most power efficiently. As such, each of thecomponents of the system is provided with the performance state that isnot less than the performance state, which the component actually needsto perform its task(s).

Referring back to FIG. 3, DPSM 300 uses a set of the performance statesthat the data processing system supports, a list of device performanceconstraints, and a list of current states of operating devices todetermine the most power efficient performance level for the system. Inone embodiment, DPSM 300 includes a list of clocks required for eachcomponent of the system to operate correctly, and determines the minimumsystem performance level using this list of clocks. In one embodiment,DPSM 300 determines required system performance states for allcomponents of the system that are controlled by a system clock. In oneembodiment, DPSM 300 determines the required system performance statesfor each of the components using performance constraints of thecomponents and a set of performance states that the system supports. Inone embodiment, performance calculator 301 includes a function thatcalculates what minimum system performance level is required for eachdevice of the system to function correctly, for example, most powerefficiently. For certain components of the system to function correctlyin at least certain embodiments, the minimum system's performance levelis required to be substantially fast. For example, when a component ofthe data processing system, e.g., a microprocessor, memory controller,GPU, graphics controller, video controller, or other component isoperating, it needs to operate at a highest system performance level,e.g., as fast as possible to accomplish its task in a shortest possibletime, to avoid power “leakage”.

For example, memory controllers 227 may be required to operate at a fullfrequency of a system clock because lowering the frequency of theiroperation may affect performance of the data processing system. Somecomponents of the data processing system, for example, one or more busesof bus matrix 233, may be required to be always turned “ON” when system200 is operating. Performance of other components of the system may bemore determined by functionality rather than power. For example, adisplay controller, such as display controller 229, is required to bealways turned “ON” when a display, such as display 205, is turned “ON”.In one embodiment, the required system performance level for displaycontroller 229 is about 50% that does not sacrifice the performance ofthe display controller 229.

In one embodiment, an audio codec device operates at a full frequencyeven when the system performance level is down to about 25%. Typically,at 25 MHz the audio codec device (referred to as “AMC”) is faster thenreal time, but not quite at full speed. The driver for AMC registers forthe performance state change notifications. As the system gets slower,it decreases its clock divider to increase its effective clockfrequency. If there are multiple performance states that are fastenough, the performance state that is most power efficient for the setof operating devices may be used. In one embodiment, DSPM 300 uses amatrix of clock frequencies for components of the data processing systemto set performance states of different components of the system, asdescribed in further detail below. In one embodiment, DSMP 300 can takeinto account an activity of an application (e.g., synchronizing data onthe device with data on another system) and dynamically decide whichminimum system performance level to operate. In one embodiment, DPSM 300obtains a current system performance state based on a current status ofthe components and most performance needy component, and then adjuststhe performance state for substantially every component in the systembased on the current system performance state.

FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of a data structure (e.g., a table) that isdynamically generated by performance calculator 301. As shown in FIG. 4,table 400 includes a list of components 1-5, e.g., a CPU, a GPU(Graphics Processing Unit), an H264 video decoder, an LCD, an AMC audiocodec, and other devices of the system. As shown in FIG. 4, column 402contains a required system performance level (state) for each of thecomponents of column 401. In one embodiment, column 402 contains arequired minimum system performance level (state) for each of thecomponents of column 401. In one embodiment, the required systemperformance state is a relative value, e.g., a percentage, of aperformance level of the component being controlled. In one embodiment,a required system performance state is determined relative to a maximumsystem performance state (level). In one embodiment, all the devices ofthe system have their performance requirements expressed as a percentageof the system's maximum performance.

As shown in FIG. 4, the required system performance state for components1-3 (e.g., a CPU, GPU, and H264 video) to operate correctly is 100%relative to the maximum system performance level.

As shown in FIG. 4, the required system performance state for component4 (e.g., an LCD) to operate correctly is 50% relative to the maximumsystem performance level. As shown in FIG. 4, the required systemperformance state for component 5 (e.g., an audio codec referred to as“AMC” to operate correctly is 25% relative to the maximum systemperformance state. In another embodiment, the required systemperformance state for a component is determined relative to a totalbandwidth of the system. For example, the required system performancestate for a component can be a percentage of a bandwidth relative to thetotal bandwidth of the system. In another embodiment, the requiredsystem performance state can be an amount of megabytes per second, suchas a data processing bandwidth or a data transmitting and/or receivingbandwidth that is required for a component.

Column 403 includes a current state (e.g., ON/OFF state) for each of thecomponents 1-5, as shown in FIG. 4. The current states for each of thecomponents 1-5 can be received through inputs 302-306 shown in FIG. 3.As shown in FIG. 4, components 2 and 4 are “ON” and components 1, 3, and5 are “OFF”.

Referring back to FIG. 6, method 600 continues with operation 603 thatinvolves determining a current system performance level (state) based onthe plurality of the current states of the components of the system andthe plurality of the required system performance levels (states) for thecomponents. That is, what the performance level of the data processingsystem should be is determined based on the plurality of the currentstates of the components and the plurality of required systemperformance levels (states) for the components.

Referring back to FIG. 4, column 404 contains actual performances foreach of the components obtained based on the current states of thecomponents and the required system performance states for thecomponents. In one embodiment, actual performances are calculated bymultiplying data of column 402 with data of column 403 for each ofcomponents 1-5. As shown in FIG. 4, for component 1, if the currentstate is “OFF” and required system performance state is 100%, the actualperformance is 0%. For component 2, if the current state is “ON” and therequired system performance state is 100%, the actual performance is100%. For component 3, if the current state is “OFF” and the requiredsystem performance state is 100%, the actual performance is 0%. Forcomponent 4, if the current state is “ON” and the required systemperformance state is 50%, the actual performance is 50%. For component3, if the current state is “OFF” and the required system performancestate is 25%, the actual performance is 0%. In one embodiment, thecurrent system performance state is calculated using actual performancesdata from column 404. In one embodiment, the current system performancestate is determined by calculating a maximum value of actualperformances 404 for each of components. That is, the current systemperformance state is determined based on the requirement for the mostperformance-needy component and the current states of the components.For the example shown in FIG. 4, the current system performance statedetermined based on actual performances in column 404 is 100%.

Referring back to FIG. 3, performance calculator 301 outputs a currentsystem performance state 307 that is determined based on active statesof the components. That is, in certain embodiments, rather than usingtheoretical assumptions (such as “guessing”), the active states of thecomponents of the system are used to determine a current level ofperformance for the system while maintaining a minimum performance levelto satisfy components' requirements.

Referring back to FIG. 4, when the components 1-4, such as CPU, GPU,LCD, and H264, are turned “OFF”, and component 5, such as AMC, is turned“ON”, the current system performance state (level) dynamically goes downto 25%. That is, the current system performance level is maintained at aminimum performance level to satisfy performance requirements of thecomponent 5, such as AMC. When any of the components 1, 2, and 3, or anycombination thereof, is turned “ON”, the current system performancelevel dynamically increases up to about 100%, to satisfy performancerequirements for any of these components. The system may be consideredto be dynamic in adjusting the level because it responds to changes inthe state of the components. When components 4 and 5 are turned “ON”,and components 1-3 are turned “OFF”, the current system performancelevel dynamically decreases down to about 50%, to satisfy theperformance requirement of the most performance needy component, e.g.,component 5. In one embodiment, the current system performance state isdynamically changed by changing a system clock rate. In anotherembodiment, the current system performance state is dynamically changedby changing the width of the system bus, such as one or more busesdepicted in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the width of the system bus maybe changed from 16 bits to 32 bits when the current system performancestate dynamically increases from about 50% to about 100%.

As shown in FIG. 3, current system performance state 307 is provided toa clock controller 312 that controls a clock of the data processingsystem, such as systems 100 and 200 depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2respectively. In one embodiment, DPSM 300 operates transparently todevice drivers, so that the device drivers are not aware of the DPSM. Inanother embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, performance calculator 301notifies (block 308) one or more drivers 309 to drive one or morecomponents (e.g., I/O devices) through their respective drivers when thecurrent system performance state 307 changes. I/O devices, such as anaudio codec, may operate at a certain fraction of the bus clock. Forexample, when the current system performance level is about 100%, theaudio codec may be driven to operate at the system clock (e.g., busclock) divided by four. When current system performance level changes,e.g., from 100% to 25%, an audio codec driver is notified to change itsdivider to divide the system clock by one to maintain the audio codec'sclock near its fixed frequency target.

As shown in FIG. 3, one or more drivers 309 are notified (block 308) inone embodiment before adjusting the performance level of the at leastone component of the system based on the current performance state 307.In one embodiment, current system performance state 307 is a performancelevel the data processing system needs to change to. In one embodiment,driver 309 is notified even if the component that is driven by driver309 is turned “OFF”.

In one embodiment, one or more drivers 309 are coupled (through forexample software messages between an operating system component and thedrivers) to control clock of one or more components (e.g., I/O devices)(not shown). As shown in FIG. 3, performance calculator 301 provides thecurrent system performance state 307 to the system clock controller 312to adjust a performance level of at least one component, such as a CPU,GPU, memory, bus, and the like. The performance level of the componentis adjusted to according to the current system performance state.

In one embodiment, the performance level of the component is adjusted bymodifying the frequency of the clock (clock rate). As shown in FIG. 3,clock controller has adjusted clock outputs, such as outputs 314, 135,and 316 that output adjusted clocks to the components, e.g., a CPU, GPU,memory, and bus, and the like. The adjusted clock outputs provide clocksthat are adjusted based on the current system performance state 307. Forexample, output 314 may provide the adjusted clock to the CPU. Output315 may provide an adjusted refresh rate for the memory of the dataprocessing system. Typically, the refresh rate of the memory is derivedfrom the memory controller's frequency. In one embodiment, one or moredividers (not shown) are used to divide the memory controller'sfrequency to provide the adjusted refresh rate. While the memory refreshrate may be handled in the code as a special case, it works in the aboutthe same fashion as AMC. In one embodiment, when the current systemperformance level changes, the divider to provide the refresh rate ischanged to maintain the correct memory performance level to ensure thatthe memory refresh rate does not go too fast and effect performance ortoo slow and effect stability. In one embodiment, when the currentsystem performance level increases, (e.g., from 25% to 100%) the dividerthat provides the refresh rate is changed from ¼ to 1/1 to maintain theefficient memory performance level. As shown in FIG. 3, output 316 mayprovide a clock that is adjusted based on the current system performancestate 307, to one or more buses of the data processing system. Inanother embodiment, the performance level of the component is adjustedby modifying a bandwidth. In an embodiment, the bandwidth of the buscoupled to the component may be increased or decreased based on thecurrent system performance state.

That is, any component of the data processing system that drives itsfunctional clock from the system clock is effectively configured itselfto operate correctly when the current system performance state changes.

As shown in FIG. 3, one or more device drivers 309 are notified, in oneembodiment, in block 317 after adjusting clocks 314-316 to drivecomponents of the system. In one embodiment, I/O devices adjust theirperformance state when they receive notification 317, after one or moreclock outputs 314-316 is changed. In one embodiment, notifications 308and/or 317 allow I/O devices to maintain effectively at a fixedfrequency operation, or at least near or under a fixed frequency target,or other constraint.

FIG. 5 shows a block-diagram of one embodiment of a clock controller 500to dynamically control clock of the components of a data processingsystem; e.g., data processing systems 100 and 200, as depicted in FIGS.1 and 2. As shown in FIG. 5, clock controller includes a programmablephase-locked loop (“PLL”) device 501 that is coupled to a plurality ofclock outputs, such as outputs 506, 507, and 508, for the components.PLL device 501 includes an output 502 that has dividers, such asdividers /1, /2, /4, /8, to output a current system performance clock510 that is determined based on a current system performance state 509.As shown in FIG. 5, PLL device 501 generates a system clock, e.g., 400MHz and outputs the system clock through one of the dividers that can beselected based on current system performance state 509. For example,when current system performance state 509 changes from about 100% toabout 50%, PLL device 501 changes the divider of output 502 from 1/1 to½, such that the system clock can be dynamically changed from 400 MHz to200 MHz. In one embodiment, when all components of the system are in“OFF” state, the current system performance state is 12.5%, and PLLdevice 501 outputs the system clock through an ⅛^(th) divider. Thecurrent system performance clock 510 is provided to a plurality ofcomponent clocks outputs, such as outputs 506-508. Outputs 506-508provide clocks that are adjusted based on the current system performancestate to drive the components of the system; e.g., a CPU, GPU, memory,one or more buses, and the like. In one embodiment, outputs 506-508include clock dividers, such as dividers 1/1, ⅓, ¼, and the like todrive the components of the system. In one embodiment, when the currentsystem performance is determined to be about 100% (e.g., 400 MHz), theclock to the CPU provided through 1/1 divider is about 400 megaherz(MHz), the clock to the memory provided through ⅓ divider is about 133MHz, and the clock to the bus is provided through ¼ divider is about 100MHz. In one embodiment, when the current system performance changes from100% to 50%, the clocks output through dividers 506-508 to the CPU,memory, and bus become 200 MHz, 66 MHz, and 50 MHz respectively. In oneembodiment, when the current system performance state increases (e.g.,from 50% to 100%), the system clock is divided down by a larger number(e.g., by 4 rather than by 2) to maintain a fixed frequency operation tokeep a fixed memory refresh rate. In one embodiment, when the currentsystem performance state increases; e.g., from 50% to 100%, theperformance of the components of the system can be leveraged to takeadvantage of the increased performance. That is, the clocks of thecomponents can be adjusted to take an advantage of the increased systemperformance state to accomplish their individual tasks quicker.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of another embodiment of a method todynamically manage a performance state of a data processing system.Method 700 starts at operation 701 that involves receiving informationabout a first plurality of current states of components of the dataprocessing system, as described above. Method 700 continues at operation702 that involves determining a second plurality of required systemperformance states for the components of the system, as described above.At operation 703, determining a third plurality of actual performancesfor the components based on the first plurality of current states of thecomponents and the second plurality of the required system performancestates is performed as described above. At operation 704 a currentsystem performance state is determined using the third plurality of theactual performances of the components, as described above. Methodcontinues with operation 705 that involves notifying at least one devicedriver about the current performance state, to adjust the device (e.g.,I/O device) if needed. At operation 706 adjusting a performance level ofat least one component (e.g., a processor, memory, bus) based on thecurrent system performance state is performed. Next, operation 707 isperformed that involves notifying the at least one device driver aboutthe current system performance state after adjusting, as describedabove.

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of another embodiment of a method todynamically manage a performance state of a data processing system.Method 800 starts at operation 801 that involves monitoring componentsof the system to obtain information about a first plurality of currentstates of the components of the system. In one embodiment, DPSM 300monitors components of the system by receiving notifications from thecomponents when the current status of the component changes, asdescribed above with respect to FIG. 3.

Method 800 continues with operation 802 that involves determining asecond plurality of required system performance states for each of thecomponents of the system, as described above. Next, at operation 803, acurrent system performance state is determined based on the firstplurality of current states of the components and the second pluralityof required system performance states. At operation 804 a determinationis made if the current system performance state changed. If the currentsystem performance stated has not been changed, method returns tooperation 801. If the current system performance state has been changed,operation 805 is performed that involves notifying at least one devicedriver about the change in the current performance state, to adjust thedevice (e.g., I/O device) if needed. Next, at operation 806, adjusting aperformance level of at least one component (e.g., a processor, memory,bus) is performed based on the change in the current system performance.At operation 807 notifying of at least one device driver about theadjusting the performance level of the at least one component isperformed, as described above.

At least certain embodiments described herein include the use of a statemanager, such as a dynamic performance state manager, to operate a dataprocessing system in a mode in which images are output from a port or ina mode in which at least one of the components in the system is operatedin a manner beyond a specified normal operating parameter. In certainembodiments, the system may be operated in a mode in which the imagesare provided through an output from the system and the system is alsooperated, in the case of at least one component of the system, beyond aspecified normal operating parameter. When a component is operatedbeyond a specified normal operating parameter, the mode may be referredto as a “turbo” mode. The output may be still pictures or a sequence ofvideo images presented at a sufficiently high frame rate (e.g. at least10 or 15 frames per second) to appear on an external display as a motionpicture or movie. The output may be from a multi-purpose dock port orfrom a port dedicated to providing an output of images, such as stillpictures or a movie. This embodiment of such a state manager may beimplemented on a handheld data processing system which includes acellular telephone transceiver and an integrated display device and anintegrated input device. The port may be a dock port or other port whichallows for charging of a battery within the data processing system andwhich also allows for a bidirectional input/output of data tosynchronize the data between the data processing system and anothersystem, such as one or more of contact/address data, calendar data,email data, bookmarks, music data, movie data, and notes data. Thetransition from one mode to an image output mode may involve changingthe voltage and/or frequency of several components under the control ofa state manager, such as a dynamic performance state manager unit,wherein at least some of the components are operating at differentfrequencies or voltages or both prior to the transition and after thetransition as well, in at least certain embodiments. The transitionchanges one or more of voltage or frequency or bus width, etc. for atleast one of the components when transitioning to the image output mode.

The outputting of images, such as movies, etc. may be controlled by adigital rights management (DRM) system in at least certain embodimentsto prevent unauthorized use or copying of the content. For example, inat least certain embodiments, the images may be transmitted through aninput/output port or other port to allow playback on an external displayin response to determining that a system controlling the externaldisplay is configured to not copy, in a permanent storage, the contentof the video images. For example, the system providing the output of theimages through a port may receive a confirmation from a host system thatthe software or other component receiving the images is configured tonot copy the images or other content received through the port. In otherembodiments, the data representing video images or other content aretransmitted through a port to allow playback on an external device ordisplay in response to determining that the system controlling theexternal display or device is authorized, under a DRM system, to retaina copy of the data representing the video images or other content.

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart which depicts an embodiment of a method fortransitioning to a mode in which images are outputted and/or at leastone of the components in the system is operated beyond a normalspecified operating parameter. The method may begin in operation 901 inwhich the data processing system is set up to perform the transition.This may include storing information specifying operating parameters,such as voltage and frequency for various components in the differentmodes, and may further include registering for notification by one ormore device drivers which control various components in the system. Forexample, device drivers for various components which need to performchanges in response to a transition register for notification. This maybe performed by each device driver registering with a kernel or otheroperating system component in such a manner that when the transition isinitiated, the kernel will cause a notification to be transmitted,typically in a serial fashion, to each of the device drivers which haveregistered for notification. These notifications can then be used asdescribed further below to cause changes in the operating parameters foreach component driven by the particular device driver which receives thenotification. In at least certain embodiments, the device drivers mayreceive a notification directly from another device driver which isresponsible for controlling the mode in which images are outputted fromthe data processing system. It will be appreciated that the dataprocessing system may be, for example, the system 100 or the system 201shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. It will also be appreciated thatthe data processing system may include a dynamic performance statemanager, such as the state manager shown in FIG. 3.

In operation 903, a signal is generated to indicate that the dataprocessing system is to enter a first mode, which may include theability to provide an output of images from the data processing system.This signal may be generated in response to a user's action or in otherways. For example, connecting the data processing system to a cable orto a dock may automatically cause the signal to be generated in certainembodiments or the signal may be generated in response to the activationof a movie player software by the user which receives a request from theuser to play a movie while the data processing system is connectedthrough a port to an external display, either directly or throughanother system, etc. FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C show three differentembodiments in which a data processing system, such as devices 1103,1111, and 1121 may be connected directly or indirectly to a displaydevice. In response to the signal being generated, a first softwarecomponent, in operation 905, may cause a notification to be provided toat least one other software component, which notification specifies thechange to a first mode or otherwise indicates the change to a firstmode. The first software component may provide the notification inseries in such a manner to allow each software component to perform anyrequired changes. The order in which the notifications are provided tothe other software components may be predetermined based upon theparticular design of the data processing system. For example, thechanging of certain clock rates on certain components may be performedbefore changing the clock rates on other components in order to allowthe data processing system to perform properly. In other embodiments,the notifications may be provided in parallel to the other softwarecomponents, such as other device drivers.

In operation 907, the other software component or components cause oneor more changes to be implemented, if necessary, in order to accommodatethe transition to the first mode. For example, each device driverreceiving the notification may cause a change to occur to the hardwarecomponent controlled by or driven by the device driver. These changesmay include a change in the clock rate or bus width or voltage of acomponent as described previously herein, and these changes may be madethrough an embodiment such as the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. This mayinclude the changing of dividers for clock circuits, etc. In operation909, the first software component, after providing the necessarynotifications, causes a change to the first mode. In one embodiment,this may involve increasing a core voltage of a system on a chip, suchas the system on a chip 203 shown in FIG. 2. Further, the change mayalso include the increase of a frequency of at least certain componentsin order to allow for a sufficiently high frame rate of video data to beoutput through a port of the data processing system. In operation 911,the first software component may also cause, in at least certainembodiments, a further notification to be provided to the other softwarecomponent or components that the change to the first mode has beencompleted. It will be appreciated that this operation may be optional incertain embodiments. Further, it will be appreciated that in at leastcertain embodiments the notification operation 905 may be omitted, butthe notification operation 911 is performed after the change to thefirst mode. After the change to the first mode, the data processingsystem operates, in operation 913, in the first mode. This may includetransmitting video images, at a certain number of frames per second,from an output port of the data processing system.

FIG. 10 shows another example of a method of operating a data processingsystem, and in this case it shows an example of a method which exitsfrom the first mode described in conjunction with FIG. 9. In operation1001, a signal indicates that the first mode is to be exited. This mayoccur by the user removing the device from the dock or disconnecting acable from a port or closing or quitting a movie player software, etc.In operation 1003, a first software component, such as a device driverfor a component involved in outputting video images, causes anotification to be provided to other software component or components,such as one or more device drivers for components that are involved inthe first mode. This notification indicates that the data processingsystem is about to exit the first mode. In operation 1005, the othersoftware components, in response to the notification, cause changes, ifnecessary, to their respective hardware components. Then in operation1007, the first software component causes an exit from the first mode toanother mode, such as a lower frequency operating mode, for at leastcertain of the components in the data processing system. This may beperformed by the first software component calling a dynamic performancestate manager to set states based upon the current usage of componentsas described above. In operation 1009, the dynamic performance statemanager may then cause a notification to the other software componentsof the new state or states. It will be appreciated that, in alternativeembodiments, operations may be omitted or added in the methods shown inFIGS. 9 and 10 or they may be performed in an order which is differentthan shown in those figures.

FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C show three examples of how a data processingsystem, which outputs images through a port, may be coupled to a displaydevice. In the case of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11A, the dataprocessing system or device 1103 is coupled through a dock 1105 to ahost computer or system or other system 1107 which in turn is coupled toa display device 1109, such as a liquid crystal display device or a CRTdisplay device. The display device 1109 is controlled by the hostcomputer system 1107 and receives the images through the host system1107. The host system may be executing software which is designed toauthenticate, through a DRM system, that the content received from thedevice 1103 is authorized to be displayed (and/or replicated by thesystem 1107) onto the display device 1109. In alternative embodiments,the device may be able to cause the playback of a movie or of stillimages on a display device 1109 without any requirement ofauthentication or the use of a DRM system. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 11B, a device 1111 is coupled through a dock 1113 to a displaydevice 1119. The display device 1119 may be a computer monitor whichincludes an NTSC input port or a PAL input port or a similar type ofport which can receive video images for display on a display device. Inthis case, the images are displayed directly onto the TV without goingthrough an optional host system 1117. In the case of the embodimentshown in FIG. 11B, the dock 1113 includes a first port 1115 for couplingto an optional host system 1117, and a second port for coupling to adisplay device, such as a TV or other display device or monitor fordisplaying images. The embodiment shown in FIG. 11C includes a device ordata processing system 1121 which provides a direct connection to adisplay device 1123. In this case, the display device 1123 may beconsidered to be controlled directly by the device 1121 as it outputsimages to the display device 1123. It will be understood that the hostcomputer system, such as the system 1107 or the optional host system1117, may be a system which is designed to be synchronized with thedevice which is coupled to it. For example, the device 1103 may includedata to be synchronized with the host computer system 1107 and viceversa. This data may include music data, movie data, calendarinformation or data, contact/address data, email data, etc. It will alsobe understood that the dock, such as the docks 1105 or 1113, may includethe ability to provide power to the respective device, such as device1103 or the device 1111 while it is coupled to the dock. This power maybe used to not only power the device, but also to recharge any batterywithin the device.

In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the invention have beendescribed with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. Itwill be evident that various modifications may be made thereto withoutdeparting from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Thespecification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in anillustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.

1. A handheld data processing system comprising: a processing system; acellular telephone transceiver coupled to the processing system; a portcoupled to the processing system, the port and the processing systembeing configured to provide, in a first mode, as an output from thehandheld data processing system, data representing movie video images,wherein different components in the handheld data processing system areoperated at different operating frequencies in the first mode asspecified by a first set of frequencies and the different components areoperated at different operating frequencies in a second mode asspecified by a second set of frequencies.
 2. The handheld dataprocessing system as in claim 1 further comprising a battery coupled tothe processing system and wherein the port is coupled to the battery andis configured to allow recharging of the battery when the handheld dataprocessing system is coupled to a power source.
 3. The handheld dataprocessing system as in claim 1 further comprising: a display integratedinto a housing of the handheld data processing system and coupled to theprocessing system; an input device coupled to the processing system; andwherein the movie video images are provided in a sequence of at least 15frames per second to an external display.
 4. The handheld dataprocessing system as in claim 3, wherein the handheld data processingsystem occupies a volume of less than 6 inches by 4 inches by 1 inch. 5.The handheld data processing system as in claim 3, wherein the datarepresenting movie video images are transmitted through the port toallow playback on the external display in response to determining that asystem controlling the external display is configured to not copy, in apermanent storage, the content of the movie video images.
 6. Thehandheld data processing system as in claim 3, wherein the datarepresenting the movie video images are transmitted through the port toallow playback on the external display if a system controlling theexternal display is authorized, under a digital rights managementsystem, to retain a copy of the data representing movie video images. 7.The handheld data processing system as in claim 3 further comprising: astorage device configured to store the data representing movie videoimages and wherein the storage device is also configured with softwareto store and view music, calendar information, contact information, andtext messages.
 8. The handheld data processing system as in claim 1,wherein a first device driver, for a first component of the differentcomponents, causes a notification to be provided to a second devicedriver in response to a transition between the first and second modes.9. The handheld data processing system as in claim 8, wherein the portis configured to provide a communications channel for synchronizing databetween the handheld data processing system and a host system.
 10. Thehandheld data processing system as in claim 1, wherein the first mode isconfigured to operate at least one different component beyond aspecified normal operating parameter and the second mode is configuredto operate the different components within normal operating parameters.